The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.

Pharmacologic Management ¹

Revised text ² to state that methylnaltrexone may be effective when given subcutaneously in the management of opioid-associated constipation without causing opioid withdrawal (cited Portenoy et al. as reference 120 and Thomas et al. as reference 121).